Used to:ធ្លាប់

a. Form: ទម្រង់

used to + infinitive

Positive: ប្រយោគស្រប

I You We They He She It	used to	go to school.

Negative: ប្រយោគបដិសេធ

I You We They He She It

(didn’t /did not) use to

go to school.

Question: ប្រយោគសំណួរ

Did (Didn’t /Did not)

I you we they he she it

use to go to school?

Note:

There is no Present Tense form of this structure (I used to go). Do not confuse it with I am used to going..., which means I am accustomed to going... . មិនមែនជា សំណង់ទម្រង់បច្ចុប្បន្នកាលទេ(ខ្ញុំធ្លាប់ទៅ)។​ កុំច្រឡំវាជាមួយនឹង ខ្ញុំធ្លាប់ទៅ... ដែលមានន័យថា ខ្ញុំ(ធ្លាប់/ស៊ាំ)ទៅ…។(ត្រង់នេះ ាមានន័យថា ជាទម្លាប់ទៅវិញ) .means his structure (I វាមានន័យថា ជាទម្លាប់ទៅវិញ)

b. Use:ប្រើ

To talk about the Past habits and to suggest that the situation is now different. ដើម្បីនិយាយអំពីទម្លាប់អតីតកាល​ ហើយបង្ហាញឲ្យឃើញថា​ ស្ថានភាពឥឡូវនេះគឺខុសពីគ្នា។

When I was younger, my mother used to give me and my sisters a lot of broccoli to eat. Now I love broccoli but I didn’t use to. Did you use to like green vegetables?

កាលខ្ញុំនៅក្មេងជាងនេះ,ម្តាយរបស់ខ្ញុំធ្លាប់បានឲ្យខាត់ណាច្រើនៗដល់ខ្ញុំនិងបងប្អូនស្រីខ្ញុំញ៉ាំ។​ ឥឡួវនេះខ្ញុំស្រឡាញ់(ចូលចិត្ត)​ ខាត់ណា ខ្ញុំ​មិនបានធ្លាប់ ស្រឡាញ់(ចូលចិត្ត)​ នោះទេ។ តើអ្នកធ្លាប់បានចូលចិត្តបន្លែបៃតងឬអត់?

Exercise 4

Fill in the gaps:

1. I .....................................go to the beach every day. (a. use to; b.uses to; c.used to; d.use)

2. I didn’t ......................................play tennis. (a. use to; b.uses to; c.used to; d.use)

3. Susan .......................................drink milk when she was young. (a.didn’t use to; b.use to; c.has; d.was)

4. I didn’t ..........................................watch television. (a. use to; b.uses to; c.used to; d.use)

5. What...................................... you use to wear at school? (a. did; b.do; c.are; d.have)

6. Did they .........................................go to the cinema? (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)

7. People ......................................... travel on horses. (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)

8. Ted used to ....................................my best friend, but he lives in Canada now. (a. is; b.be; c.are; d.being)

9. We.................................................. play marbles. (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)

10. She ...............................cook for me, but now my wife cooks at home. (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)

11. I.................................................start work at 9 o'clock. (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)

12. We didn’t ..................................................swim in the river. (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)

13. Pele ................................. play football in Brazil. (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)

Past Simple and Past Continuous: អតីតកាលធម្មតា និង អតីតកាលកំពុងបន្ត

1. From:
   Past Simple: អតីតកាលធម្មតា
   Positive: ប្រយោគស្រប
   (I/You/We/They/He/She/It) walked.
   

Negative: ប្រយោគបដិសេធ

(I/You/We/They/He/She/It0 (didn’t /did not) walk.

Question: ប្រយោគសំណួរ

Did (Didn’t /Did not) (I/you/we/they/he/she/it) walk.
Where did (I/you/we/they/he/she/it do)?

A lot of very common verbs are irregular in the Past Simple form. គ្រប់កិរិយាស័ព្ទសាមញ្ញជាច្រើនគឺ មិនទៀងទាត់ (ប្រែប្រួល) នៅក្នុងទម្រងអតីតកាលធម្មតា។

Example: go - went; come - came; eat - ate; leave - left

Spelling of the Past Simple: ការប្រកបនៃអតីតកាលធម្មតា

1). The normal rule is add –ed to the base form of the verb. តាមធម្មតាគឺថែម –ed ទៅលើទម្រង់កិរិយាស័ព្ទដើម។
Example: work - worked; want - wanted; help - helped; wash - washed
2).When the verbs end in –e, just add –d. ពេលកិរិយាស័ព្ទបញ្ចប់ដោយ –e គ្រាន់តែថែម –d ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។
Example: like - liked; bake - baked; smoke - smoked; smile - smiled
3). In verbs of one syllable that ending in (one vowel + one consonant), double the consonant. ចំពោះកិរិយាស័ព្ទ មានតែមួយព្យាង្គ ដែលបញ្ចប់ដោយ (ស្រ:១+ព្យញ្ជន:១), ត្រូវដាក់ព្យញ្ជន:ឲ្យបានពីរ (ឌុប)។
Example: stop - stopped; plan - planned; grab - grabbed
 But: book - booked; look - looked; cook - cooked
The consonant is not double if the consonant is –y or –w. ព្យញ្ជន:មិនដាក់ឲ្យបានពីរទេប្រសិនព្យញ្ជន:ជា –y រឺ –w។
Example: show - showed; play - played; stay - stayed
4). Most two-syllabled verbs the consonant is doubled if the stress is on the second syllable. ភាគច្រើនកិរិយាស័ព្ទដែលមានពាក្យពីរព្យាង្គ ព្យញ្ជន:គឺត្រូវដាក់ឲ្យបានពីរ ប្រសិនបើមានការសង្កត់សម្លេងធ្ងន់នៅលើព្យាង្គទី២។
Example: pre’fer - preferred; ad’mit - ad’mitted
5). Verbs that end in a consonant + -y move –y and add –ied. កិរិយាស័ព្ទដែលបញ្ចប់ដោយ (consonant + -y) ត្រូវលុប -yចោល ហើយថែម -ied។
Example: carry - carried; bury - buried

Past Continuous: អតីតកាលកំពុងបន្ត

Positive: ប្រយោគស្រប
(I/He/She/It) was walking.

(You/We/They) were walking.

Negative: ប្រយោគបដិសេធ
I am not walking.
(You/We/They) (were not/ weren’t) walking.
(I/He/She/It) (was not/wasn’t) walking?

Question: ប្រយោគសំណួរ

Where were (you/we/they) walking?
Were/(Weren’t /Were not) (you/we/they) walking?

Where was (I/he/she/it) walking?

Was (Wasn’t /Was not) (I/he/she/it) walking?

Exercise 3

For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.
1. At six o'clock last night Ryoko ……………………………………… television in her apartment.
2. After the lesson, I ……………………………………… some lunch and then I went for a walk.
3. When I was a child I ……………………………… a toy that looked like a dragon.
4. While Sonia ……………………………….. the film, somebody stole her jacket with her passport in it.
5. At seven fifteen this morning, I ……………………………………….. down the High Street when I saw my teacher, David.
6. I looked in the classroom and saw five students. They …………………………………. a magazine article on the wall.
7. The robber quickly picked up the money, ran to the door and …………………………………… out onto the street.
8. While I was doing my homework last night, the telephone ………………………………………. . It was my mother calling me with some good news.
9. While the police were looking for the murderer, he ………………………………………. the country with a false passport.
10. At the concert, all the parents ……………………………………… politely to the children trying to play their instruments.
11. When Samuel arrived home from work, just after midninght, his wife ……………………………………….. for him with an angry expression on her face.
12. Last night, between ten o'clock and midninght, I could clearly hear the couple in the flat next to mine. They ………………………………………………. an argument about what to watch on TV.
Choose the answers: 1). watched / was watched / watching / was watching; 2). had / was had / was having / having; 3). had / was had / was having / having; 4). watched / was watched / watching / was watching; 5). was walked / walked / was walking / walking; 6). all reading / all read / were all reading / were all read; 7). was rushing / was rushed / rushing / rushed; 8). was ringing / ringing / rang / was rang; 9). leaving / left / was left / had been leaving; 10). listened/ listening / were listened / listen; 11). waited / was waited / was waiting / waiting; 12). had / were had / were having / having.

Used to:ធ្លាប់
a. Form: ទម្រង់
used to + infinitive

Positive: ប្រយោគស្រប

(I/You/We/They/He/She/It) used to go to school.

Negative: ប្រយោគបដិសេធ

(I/You/We/They/He/She/It) (didn’t /did not) use to go to school.

Question: ប្រយោគសំណួរ

Did (Didn’t /Did not) (I/you/we/they/he/she/it) use to go to school?

Note:

There is no Present Tense form of this structure (I used to go). Do not confuse it with I am used to going…, which means I am accustomed to going… . មិនមែនជា សំណង់ទម្រង់បច្ចុប្បន្នកាលទេ(ខ្ញុំធ្លាប់ទៅ)។ កុំច្រឡំវាជាមួយនឹង ខ្ញុំធ្លាប់ទៅ… ដែលមានន័យថា ខ្ញុំ(ធ្លាប់/ស៊ាំ)ទៅ…។(ត្រង់នេះ វាមានន័យថា ជាទម្លាប់ទៅវិញ)
b. Use:ប្រើ
To talk about the Past habits and to suggest that the situation is now different. ដើម្បីនិយាយអំពីទម្លាប់អតីតកាល ហើយបង្ហាញឲ្យឃើញថា ស្ថានភាពឥឡូវនេះគឺខុសពីគ្នា។
When I was younger, my mother used to give me and my sisters a lot of broccoli to eat. Now I love broccoli but I didn’t use to. Did you use to like green vegetables?
កាលខ្ញុំនៅក្មេងជាងនេះ,ម្តាយរបស់ខ្ញុំធ្លាប់បានឲ្យខាត់ណាច្រើនៗដល់ខ្ញុំនិងបងប្អូនស្រីខ្ញុំញ៉ាំ។ ឥឡួវនេះខ្ញុំស្រឡាញ់(ចូលចិត្ត) ខាត់ណា ខ្ញុំមិនបានធ្លាប់ ស្រឡាញ់(ចូលចិត្ត) នោះទេ។ តើអ្នកធ្លាប់បានចូលចិត្តបន្លែបៃតងឬអត់?

Exercise 4

Fill in the gaps:

1. I didn’t ………………………………..play tennis. (a. use to; b.uses to; c.used to; d.use)
   

2. Susan …………………………………drink milk when she was young. (a.didn’t use to; b.use to; c.has; d.was)
   

3. I didn’t ……………………………………watch television. (a. use to; b.uses to; c.used to; d.use)
   

4. What……………………………….. you use to wear at school? (a. did; b.do; c.are; d.have)
   

5. Did they …………………………………..go to the cinema? (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)
   

6. People ………………………………….. travel on horses. (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)
   

7. Ted used to ………………………………my best friend, but he lives in Canada now. (a. is; b.be; c.are; d.being)
   

8. We………………………………………….. play marbles. (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)
   

9. She ………………………….cook for me, but now my wife cooks at home. (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)
   

10. I………………………………………….start work at 9 o'clock. (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)
    

11. We didn’t …………………………………………..swim in the river. (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)
    

12. Pele …………………………… play football in Brazil. (a. use to; b.used; c.used to; d.use)

13. I ……………………………….go to the beach every day. (a. use to; b.uses to; c.used to; d.use)

Stative Verbs : កិរិយាស័ព្ទបញ្ជាក់ពីសភាព

How to use stative and dynamic verb? ប្រើកិរិយាស័ព្ទបញ្ជាក់ពីសភាព និងកិរិយាស័ព្ទឌីណាមិចរបៀបណា?

Some English verbs, which tell us about a state and not an action, are not generally used in the Present Continuous. កិរិយាស័ព្ទអង់គ្លេសខ្លះដែលប្រាប់យើងអំពីសភាពមួយ ហើយមិនមែនជា សកម្មភាព គឺមិនប្រើប្រាស់ជាមួយនឹង Present Continuous នោះទេ។ Here is a list of some common ones: នេះជាបញ្ជីនៃកិរិយាស័ព្ទបញ្ជាក់ពីសភាព សាមញ្ញខ្លះ៖

Stative (or State) Verb List: បញ្ជីកិរិយាស័ព្ទបញ្ជាក់ពីសភាព

like (ចួលចិត្ត) know(ដឹង,ស្គាល់,ចេះ) belong(ម្ចាស់,កម្មសិទ្ធ) satisfy(ធ្វើឲ្យស្កប់,បំពេញចិត្ត)
love (ស្រឡាញ់) realize(ធ្វើឲ្យសម្រេច,ប្រតិបត្តិ) fit(ធ្វើឲ្យត្រូវ) doubt(សង្ស័យ,ពិភាល់) hate (ស្អប់) suppose(គិតស្មាន,ស្មាន) contain(ទប់,បង្រាប,តបទៅមក) wish(បួងសួង,ផ្សង) want (ចង់បាន) mean(មានន័យ,មានបំណង) consist(កើតឡើង,មានឡើង) dislike(មិនចូលចិត្ត) need (ត្រូវការ) understand(យល់) seem(ដូចជា,ប្រហាក់ប្រហែល) deserve(សមនឹង,គួរនឹង,ត្រូវបាន)
prefer(ចួលចិត្ត,និយម) believe(ជឿ) depend(ទុកចិត្ត,ពឹងពាក់) lack(ខ្វះ,គ្មាន) agree (យល់ព្រម) remember(ចាំ,ចងចាំ) matter(មានរឿង) owe(ជំពាក់បំណុល) mind (គិត,រំលឹក) recognize(ស្គាល់,នឹកឃើញ) see(ឃើញ,មើល,យល់) promise(សន្យា) own(ជាម្ចាស់,ព្រមទទួល) appear(លេចឡើង) look (=seem)(ឃើញ,មើល,រក) think (=have an opinion) (គិត) sound(ឮសម្លេង)
taste(ភ្លក់) smell(ថើប,ហិត,ធុំក្លិន) imagine(នឹកស្មាន,នឹកគិត,ប្រឌិត) hear (ស្តាប់ឮ) astonish(ធ្វើឲ្យប្លែក) deny(ប្រកែក,បដិសេធ) be(គឺ,ជា,នៅ) disagree (មិនយល់ព្រម) please(ផ្គាប់ចិត្ត) impress(ដិត,ចាប់ចិត្ត,ផ្តិត) involve(ធ្វើឲ្យជាប់ទាក់ទង) possess (មាន,កាន់កាប់) include(រាប់បញ្ចូល) surprise(ភ្ញាក់ផ្អើល) measure (=have length etc) (វាស់,ស្ទង់,វាល់) have(មាន) concern
(ធ្វើឲ្យខ្វល់,ទាក់ទងនឹង) feel (=have an opinion=មានមតិ) (ដឹងខ្លួន,មានអារម្មណ៍) weigh (=have weight) (ថ្លឹង,មានទម្ងន់)

A verb which isn’t stative is called a dynamic verb, and is usually an action. កិរិយាស័ព្ទមួយដែលមិនមែនជាកិរិយាស័ព្ទបញ្ជាក់ពីសភាព (Stative)ដែលហៅថាកិរិយាឌីណាមិច(ថាមពល) ហើយជាធម្មតាជាសកម្មភាព។
Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic: កិរិយាស័ព្ទអាចទាំងពីរ (សភាព និងឌីណាមិច)
Be
be is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means ‘behaving’ or ‘acting’ ជាធម្មតាគឺជា កិរិយាស័ព្ទបញ្ជាក់ពីសភាព, ប៉ុន្តែពេលដែលវាប្រើក្នុង Present Continuous វាមានន័យថា ‘កំពុងធ្វើ’ រឺ ‘កំពុងមានសកម្មភាព’។
1). You are stupid = it’s part of your personality 2).You are being stupid = only now, not usually
Think
1). think (stative) = have an opinion - I think that coffee is great ; 2). think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head - what are you thinking about? I’m thinking about my next holiday
Have
1).have (stative) = own - I have a car ;2).have (dynamic) = part of an expression - I’m having a party/a picnic/a bath/a good time/a break
See
1). see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand - I see what you mean
I see her now, she’s just coming along the road ; 2). see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with - I’ve been seeing my boyfriend for three years; I’m seeing Robert tomorrow
Taste
1).taste (stative) = has a certain taste - This soup tastes great - The coffee tastes really bitter ; 2). taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting - The chef is tasting the soup
(‘taste’ is the same as other similar verbs such as ‘smell’)

Exercise 2

1. Do you ………………………………………………………….. her? (a.knowe; b.BOTH ARE OK; c.knowing)


2. She……………………………………….winter to summer. (a.is preferring; b.BOTH ARE OK; c.prefers)


3. They …………………………………………………….to music. (a.listen; b.BOTH ARE OK; c.are listening)


4. I am…………………………………………………………… the paper. (a.burning; b.BOTH ARE OK; c.burn)


5. I …………………………………………………………………….. tired. (a.am feeling; b.BOTH ARE OK; c.feel)


6. What are you …………………………………………………………..? (a.reading; b.BOTH ARE OK; c.read)


7. I …………………………… ………………….two brothers. (a.have; b.BOTH ARE OK; c.am having)
   
   

Present Simple and Present Continuous: បច្ចុប្បន្នកាលធម្មតា និង បច្ចុប្បន្នកាលកំពុងបន្ត

a. From:

Present Simple: បច្ចុប្បន្នកាលធម្មតា

Positive: ប្រយោគស្រប

I You We They

walk.

He She It

walks*.

Negative: ប្រយោគបដិសេធ

He She It

(doesn’t / does not)

walk.

I You We They

(don’t /do not)

walk.

Question: ប្រយោគសំណួរ

Do (Don’t /Do not)

I you we they

walk?

Does (Doesn’t / Does not)

he she it

walk

*Spelling of the Third Person Singular: ការប្រកបកបនៃបុរសទី៣Éកវចន:

Verbs ending in –ch, -sh, -ss, -o, -x, and –zz add –es.

កិរិយាស័ព្ទដែលបញ្ចប់ដោយ –ch, -sh, -ss, -o, -x, និង –zzត្រូវថែម​ –es នៅខាងចុង។

Example:

He She It

goes. washes. passes. fixes. buzzes.

Verbs ending in (consonant + -y), move –y and add ­–ies.

កិរិយាស័ព្ទដែលបញ្ចប់ដោយ (consonant + -y), ត្រូវលុប -y ចោល ហើយថែម -ies។

Example:

He She It

carries. tries. cries. flies. tries.

Note (ចំណាំ): be - is ; have - has

Present Continuous: បច្ចុប្បន្នកាលកំពុងបន្ត

He She It

is

walking**.

Positive: ប្រយោគស្រប

You We They

are

walking**.

Negative: ប្រយោគបដិសេធ

You We They

(are not/ aren’t)

walking**.

He She It	(is not/isn’t)	walking**.

I am not walking.

Note (ចំណាំ): I’m not walking or I am not walking.​​​ Not(មិនមែន): I amn’t walking.

Question: ប្រយោគសំណួរ

(Am / Am not) I walking?

Are/ (Aren’t /Are not)

I you we they

walking?

Is (Isn’t / Is not)	he she it	walking?

**Spelling of Present Continuous: ការប្រកបនៃបច្ចុប្បន្នកាលកំពុងបន្ត

1. Verbs that end in one –e lose the–e and add –ing.

កិរិយាស័ព្ទណាដែលបញ្ចប់ដោយ –e ត្រូវលុប –e ចោល ហើយថែម –ing។

Example: smoke a smoking/ come ð coming/ write ð writing/ hope ð hoping

2. Verbs that end in –ee keep –ee and add –ing.

កិរិយាស័ព្ទណាដែលបញ្ចប់ដោយ –ee ត្រួវរក្សា –ee ទុក ហើយថែម –ing។

Example: see a seeing/ agree a agreeing

3. Verbs that end in (1 vowel + 1 consonant), double the consonant.

កិរិយាស័ព្ទណាដែលបញ្ចប់ដោយ(ស្រ:១ +ព្យញ្ជន:១) ត្រូវដាក់ ព្យញ្ជន:ឲ្យបានពីរ។

Example:​ run a running/ swim a swimming/ stop a stopping/ hit a hitting

Exceptions: verbs that end in(1 vowel + 1 consonant), but consonant is –y or -w. It is not double, just add –ing.

កិរិយាស័ព្ទណាដែលបញ្ចប់ដោយ(ស្រ:១ +ព្យញ្ជន:១) ប៉ុន្តែ ព្យញ្ជន:នោះជា​ –y រឺ -w ។​វាមិនត្រូវ​ដាក់ ព្យញ្ជន:ឲ្យបានពីរទេ, គឺគ្រាន់តែថែម –ingប៉ុណ្ណោះ។

Example:​ play a playing / show a showing / stay a staying / blow a blowing

Exercise 1

For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.

1. Every Friday, our teacher.................................... us a test to see how much we have learnt.

2. Every time I .............................................to England, it is rainy and cold.

3. Today, my teacher...................................a blue shirt and dark blue trousers.

4. I can't go to the cinema this evening because I ..................................a lot of homework to do.

5. It is very noisy outside the school today. I think somebody ..........................down trees in the next door garden.

6. Do you want to come out with me this evening? I ...................................................... to an Indian restaurant with some other students.

7. My father usually goes to bed after midnight but this week he................................................ to bed early because of his job.

8. ......................................this TV programme? Or would you like me to change the channel?

9. I ..........................difficult tests. Please can we have an easy test this week?

10. This lesson, Edna ....................................... next to Bo Bae and Rashed is next to Juan.

11. Most days of the week,....................................your lunch in the students' room?

12. I bought my holiday tickets yesterday. I ...................... to Turkey this August for two weeks.

Choose the answers:1).give/gives/is giving/is give; 2).go/goes/am go/am going; 3).wear/wears/is wear/is wearing; 4).have/having/am have/am having; 5).cut/cuts/is cut/is cutting; 6).go/goes/am going/ am go; 7).go/goes/is go/is going; 8). Are you enjoy/Are you enjoying/Do you enjoy/Do you enjoying; 9).don’t like/am not like/am not liking/don’t liking; 10).sit/sits/is sit/is sitting; 11).eat you/do you eat/are you eat/are you eating; 12).flying/am fly/am flying/flies.